Assignment 14

Q1:

After the assassination of John F. Kennedy many red flags were raised, such as a conspiracy.  I believe that JFK was not just assassinated by just Lee Oswald, it was almost physically impossible for him to shoot that amount of bullets at such great accuracy, especially for someone who barely made the cut for a “sharpshooter” in the marines. Later, he did the test again and failed therefore Lee Oswald was not talented enough to pull off such a difficult task.  These shots were executed perfectly enough that it entered President Kennedy’s head in roughly 5.7 seconds which is highly unlikely performed by a single man.  Even though there is no way of proving that Oswald acted alone considering that he was murdered shortly after the death of the President, meaning that there is no way to prove that he acted alone, someone must have helped him from a different location.  If only the killer of Oswald (Ruby) would have talked then we might have found out the truth.

Q2:

Again, I agree with Garrison, the military or a high-ranking intelligence personnel must have helped with the assassination of John F. Kennedy.  Kennedy wanted to withdraw from Vietnam and did not want the public to find out.  In a nutshell he hung the military out to dry in a sense, which would really anger the higher personnel.  Therefore the reason I agree is i think that the military got so angry they had something to do with the murder, or they are holding out information that know one else knows about.  If the military did not have anything to do with it then why withhold such important information to the American public. I believe that the truth behind the Presidents brutal assassination will come out, and everyone will find out that our government was corrupt at one point in time.  Unless this really is not a conspiracy which I highly doubt but it is  possible.

Schindlers List

In the movie Schindlers list I saw many terrible things that had happened to the captured people.  The most disturbing things was when they burned bodies to get rid of them, I was almost sick to my stomach thinking how that would smell, and how brutal it was for them to do that.  Another disturbing scene was when all the children were gathered to leave a concentration camp to go to another one. That was very sad and mean considering a lot of the parents were still at the camp.  It really was not right when the children had to hide in order to stay at one particular camp.  Some kids would hide in the floor boards, some would hid in a restroom, underneath where all the human droppings were.  This action was decremental towards the captured and disturbing to the viewers of Schindler’s List.  The one good thing about this movie was when the Jews were liberated and freed from camp.

Section 4

Section 4

War on the home front

Main idea: To defeat Axis Powers, United States citizens from all walks of life committed to the war effort.

The Production Battle

As in World War 1, federal agencies took on the direction of private companies doing war work. After a Senate investigation revealed corruption and mismanagement among companies involved in war production, Roosevelt gave a War Production Board strong regulatory power.

Rapid Conversion to War Production

By 1942 nearly 35% of American production went to war materials.Soon, America’s production of war materials matched the total output of Germany, Italy and Japan combined.

Financing the War

To raise funds for war effort the government increased taxes and sold war bonds. •To help prevent strikes, a National War Labor Board was established to settle labor disputes by mediation.

The War And Social Change

As the need for defense workers increased in America, millions of men joined the military and more women than ever entered the workforce. Advertisements claimed that “If you can drive a car, you can run a machine.

Women Assume Nontraditional Roles

Women were encouraged to take up positions in the workforce from everyday things like the radio and the newspaper. They stepped into the men’s roles and took up hard labor jobs but the encountered resistance from their male coworkers.

Women Pilots

Out of 25,000 women who applied to be pilots only 2,000 made it, half of whom won their wings, however they were not allowed to fly for the military again until 1977. The government realized that even with the women in the workforce there was still slack to be picked up so the government removed the restrictions on women’s work hours allowing them to pick up the said slack.

Opportunities for African Americans

•Many African Americans left the south and got jobs in the Northeast, Midwest and California. •By 1945 thousands of African Americans gave up jobs in farming for jobs in manufacturing.

Resentment Toward Social Change

In California people were prejudice against the “Okies” who were farmers from Texas and Oklahoma who lost their farms in the Dust Bowl. People were also prejudice against African Americans moving into new cities. In response to prejudice acts the Government established a the Fair Employment Practices Commission.

Detention of Japanese Americans

•Japanese Americans were put into detention camps because people thought their loyalty to Japan was stronger than their loyalty to the United States. •Despite the prejudice against Japanese Americans many of them stayed loyal to the United States and even tours with the U.S. Army

Assignment 7

Section 19.1
Discuss how the Depression influenced American foreign policy.

With the Depression America tried to stop going overseas and controlling overseas.  It first started in Latin America where President Roosevelt worked to improve relations with them, and then they soon pulled troops from Haiti, and Nicaragua.

Explain the reasons for Japan’s aggression in Asia.

The reason that Japan was so aggressive in Asia was because their population was quickly raising cause severe problems for a small island nation.  Japan needed larger markets for its productions and more raw materials for its factories.  This is the reason they tried to go out and expand.

Section 19.2

Discuss Germany’s military conquest of Europe during the late 1930s and the early 1940s

Germany was going through a hard time because of the devastating loss in World War I.  Hitler came along and convinced the people of Germany that they could have a lot of power, and Hitler tried to conquer the whole European area.  Hitler had rebuilt the German military force, and he was ready to embark upon a course of intimidation and conquest.

List the steps by which the Roosevelt administration increased American support to the Allies and the effects these steps had.

Europe was at war again and the United States wanted to stay neutral.  One June 1940, Italy invaded France and declared war on Great Britain.  The United States soon helped out Great Britain by sending 50 destroyers.   Soon after, the United States had their first peacetime draft adding 800,000 men to the armed forces.  All these decisions helped the United States.  Putting in a lot of extra men into the armed forces helps for an emergency situation, and helping out Britain helps out the United States because Great Britain and the United States are good friends so they help each other out, while Great Britain helps with American trade.

Section 19.3

Discuss the course of war in Europe and in Asia.

Germany was taking control of Europe very quickly, taking all in their path. They began to invade Russia and America wasnt ready to help yet. Russia was able to keep the Germans out until the Allied forced could star the war on a second front, thus taking some pressure off the Russians. Then the Russians were able to counterattack and take back the little bit of control they lost. The Allies invaded Normandy on June 6, 1944 and from there the momentum began to heavily shift into the favor of the allies.Both war fronts began to quickly close in on to the center of Europe where they took German cities like Berlin, among other on the way.

On the Asian side, Japan was rapidly expanding their empire and taking every island or country they pleased. America only became involved after their Pacific Naval fleet was destroyed in Pearl Harbor on December 7th, 1941. The United Stated regrouped and began to make their way across the Pacific, hoping from island to island. This campaign wasnt easy for the United States, but after many battles they were able to get close enough to Japan to bomb. They fire-bombed most of the major cities and dropped a massive nuclear bomb on both Nagasaki and Hiroshima. These two devastating blows were enough to make Japan finally surrender.

Describe the Atlantic Charter and the agreements the Allies reached at the Yalta Conference.

Atlantic Charter-Groundwork for many future peace agreements and treaties. An explanation of how the world should interact with eachother…”hopes for a better future for the world”. It was similar to Wilson’s Fourteen Points.

Yalta Conference Agreements:

– German Surrender

– demilitarization of Germany and also denazification

-Germany is divided into influence zones

-Wartime debts and reparations be repaid by Germany

Section 19.4

Describe the efforts to mobilize the economy for war production.

Nearly every factory was shifted from domestic goods to produce wartime goods, like weapons and tanks. The factories of America changed drastically to meet the needs of the war and this created many nw jobs. With many men off to fight the war many new jobs were created. With the new jobs, it was easier to tax people by taking the money out of their paycheck rather than taking it directly from them. The government raised more money by issuing war bonds and rationing food. Food stamps were used to purchase food in order to cut back on costs.

Explain the war’s impact on women, African-Americans and Japanese Americans.

While many men were drafted or enlisted in the war, many jobs were left open and available on the home front. These jobs needed to be filled and they were. For the first time, women began to take charge in the workplace and they took this new role running. They took to the workplace quickly and many were excited to be able to help the war effort.

In addition to new women in the workplace, African-Americans were also given the chance to work. Many African-Americans moved from the south to industrial cities to work in factories.

Japanese American were very unfairly treated during the war. They were detained and sent to camps where they were help prisoner due to the fear of sabotage and disloyalty to America. They were herded into fenced in army barrack living where they set up their own government and schools and so on. They event had the chance to be in the military where they fought in the Italian campaign and were very successful. They appealed for their rights to the supreme court in December of 1944 but lost in a decision that held nation security at a higher priority. They held out for the war and were still able to remain loyal to America.

Assignment 6

Main idea 19.1 = 1933-1939 Us worked to pull itself out of great depression

New deal forign policy

President Franklin D. Roosevelt pledged that the united states would be a good neighbor in a family of nations, especially Latin America

Peaceful intentions in Latin America

Roosevelt demonstrated his commitment to the good neighdor policy by recalling America troops from Haiti and Nicaragua, when they had been protecting American property since 1920’s

Diplomacy, not military force to achieve goals

Domestic recovery Determinezs foregin decisions

The new deal adopted a policy of economic isolation

mutually lower import duties to improve the economy of all nations economy

Recognition of the Soviet Union

Roosevelt hoped that a strong SU could slow the Japanese down

the SU could be a good buyer for US goods

Agression and Appeasment

American hopes to concentrate on domestic affairs were quickly forgotten

Japanese expansion in the pacific

between 1872-1925 Japanese population doubled causing problems with housing the people on the island

after WW1 the Japanese were bitter towards the Americans for loss of land and power

in September of 1931 the Japanese invade the mineral rich land of china

Threats from Germany and Italy

Adolf Hitler was voted leader of Germany

Benito Mussolini is now leader of Italy

Once in power Italy and Germany came together to get back at winners of WW1 who they thought did them wrong.

Bargaining for peace

Hitler takes part of Czechoslovakia for the peace with Germany (appeasement)

later (Sept. 1939) Hitler wanted more and invades Poland

Britain and France declare war for creaking Munich agreements

Neutrality

the American people wanted to avoid war

F.D.R. thought differently and saw Hitler as a possible threat to the U.S.

Main Idea 19.2 Moving closer to War = As Europe once again plunged into war, Americans debated whether the united States should become involved.

Europe at war again

as Munich agreement failed Hitler moved on Poland, but Britain and France pledged to defend Poland and wanted the help of soviets

however the soviets sighed non aggression pact with Germany which opened to the door for Hitler to invade

Outbreak of war

“blitzkrieg” (lightning war) begins September 1 1939, fast and brutal attack on Poland

even though Roosevelt wanted to stay neutral, he finally agreed to sell arms to the allies

Near disaster at Dunkirk

When the Allied army was virtually defeated they fled to Dunkirk where they were able to flee over the English channel where 300,000 troops were saved

Battle of Britain

Italy invaded and declared war on France

the US still remained neutral but would aid as much as possible to democracies

German air force bombed British airfields, factories and cities

America abandons neutrality

Roosevelt loaned 50 destroyers to protect Britain by executive order, because he knew isolationists in congress would disapprove

even after bombing Britain for months Germany

America  realizes its peril

after the surrender of France and bombing of en gland America finally took action

September 1940- selective service act passes (draft) and added a new 800,000 men to the armed forces

Roosevelt’s leadership endorsed

isolationism v. interactionalism- the debates with both political parties especially as the 1940 election came near.

Roosevelt won the election of 1940 Americans didn’t want to change leaders during a war

begins first man to have 3 terms as president

19.3 The united States at war Main Idea: After the Japanese attack Pearl Harbor, the united states entered WWII and helped the allies win

The World at war

The American people wanted to defeat the Axis Powers-Germany, Italy, and Japan-but the immediate outlook was bleak

Japanese victories in the Pacific

the destruction of the American naval fleet removed Japan’s only onstacle in the Pacific the Japanese won victory

German success in Europe

Axis forces occupied nearly all of Uerope they pushed deep into soviet Union

Victory for the Allies depended on whether the soviet union could hold out until the united states and britian

Turning point of the war

German troops launched second attacks on soviets

Soviet troops were left to face Germans alone

Germans weak point exposed:

American and British forces pushed Africa Corps into Tunisia.  Rommel the leader of Africa Corps, had fled nearly 250,000 Axis troops had suffered and the campian Horth Africa was over

British and american forcer took scicily

Victory in Uurope

alied air forces had already begun round the clock bombing of germany

hitler’s army had to be defeated on the ground

Normandy Invasion

An invasion of 176,000 troops carried by 5,000 vessels that landed along a 60 mile stretch of coast line in nFrance

theis invasion was known as D-Day

June 6 1944 D-Day invasion

July 25 1944-Alies break through German lines

August 25 1944-Allies enter germany

rapid Soviet Advance from the east

At the same time Soviets closed from the east

Soviets troops had freed Ukrane, Poland, Bulguria, and Hungry

By the end of 1944 most of the eastern Europe was in soviet hands

Germany surrenders

The battle of the bulge was the last German offensive, but it was not successful

In March 1945, the Allies crossed the Rhine River and moved into the heart of Germany. Soviets pushed from the east taking Berlin in april 1945 Hitler commited suicide

In may 7, 1945, Germany leaders agreed to an unconditional surrender

Crimes against Humanity

The Nazi Holocaust: the deliberate extermination of millions of European Jews and other civilians (gypsies, Africans, homosexuals, Catholics, physically and mentally handicapped)

The Nazi death camps were at Auschwitz, Dachau, Buchenwald, and elsewhere

The Nazi had killed 12 million people, of whom 6 million were Jews

War in the Pacific:

Japan still held many heavily fortified pacific islands

The allies adopted a militery strategy to cut Japanese supply lines and taking control of these island “island hopping”

Guadalcanal

In 1942 U.S. begins it’s camopaign in the Pacific

Guadalcanal 1942-1943:extended battle with many deaths and casulties

During 1943 and 1944 the Us continued their way from island to islnad toward the Philippines

Iwo Jima and Okinawa:

In 1945 American forces took Iwo Jima in March and Okinawa in june, by summer of that same yaer Germany was defeated

In one night more than 83,000 Tokyo civilians were killed by American fire-bombs

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Since early war the U.S. had secretly been developed an atomic bomb. when the japanese government refused to surrender the U.S. attacked Hiroshima destroying 60% of the city one more bomb was dropped in Nagasaki with with a final cost of 150,000 japanses lives

Wartime diplomacy

the firast planning for peace was made possible by Rossevelt and Churc”hill, they issued the Atlantic charter a statment of principanl”hopes for a better future for the world

planning for war and peace

Jan 1943 rossevelt and churchill agreed to demand “unconditional surrender” for the axis power

Roosevelt and churchill met Chinese leader Chiang Kai-sheik and agreed that Japan should be stripped of pacific empire  and korea given independance

afterwards met with Stalin, there they promised the D-day invasion of france would be launched next year

the Yalta Confrince

Churchill Roosevelt, and Stalin agreed publicly that all Alleid powers should occupy Germany after the war and encourage the start of representitive government

agreed an a confrance to be held in San fransico in April 1945 to establish a world peace organization

Stalin agreed to support the nationalist government of chiang Kai-Shek

Roosevelts Death

When he reported to congress on his Yalta trip, he looked tired and pale two months later the president died suddenly at Warm Springs

he had been elected President four times 1932-44

The United Nations:

the meeting as San Fransisco produced the U.N. charter

The preamble of the UN charter pledged all the contries signing it to “faith in fundamental human rights”and “justice and respect”

In July 1945 the united states became the first nation to join the UN

Review

Dan, Nick, and Josephina

Main Idea: The Hoover administration struggled to solve the nation’s vast economic problems.
Reading Strtegy:


Objectives:
List the ways Hoover tried to end the depression:
He called together all the leders of industry, finance and labor and asked them to come together to help slow the economic downfall.
RFC 1932: Reconstruction Finance Corporation- With nearly 2$ billion dollars, they sought to lend  money to banks, railroad companies, state and local governments , etx. to help finiance projects that would create jobs and be able to pay back the government. Projects like dams and toll bridges were the result.
Describe the change in Latin American policy under Hoover:
Hoover removed all military influence in Latin American and choose a hands off approach as he thought the monroe doctrine didn’t apply to Latin America, only to European entities.
Describe The Hoover-Stimson Doctrine and evaluate its effectiveness:
The Hoover-Stimson Doctrine was designed to get the opinion of outside countrie on other countries that were being aggressive toward other nations. If a country was showing signs of aggression, and leading others to believe they were going to invade another country then this doctrine was to show that country that other did not approve.
This was highly ineffective as Japan was only irritated by it and continued to invade Chinese Manchuria and other parts of south-east Asia.
The Depression Worsens

Color Outline 17.3

Main Idea: As Franklin Roosevelt entered the White House, thousands of businesses and banks shut down and millions of families struggled to get by.

Want in the land of Plenty

• As the depression depend the fear increased as well as pessimism.

Fear

• Loss of confidence affected tons different people.
• Unemployability was very popular at this time, this really effected the emotional stability by the Americans.

Starvation

• The productive capacity of farmers, did not slacken, but their ability to grow more food more then they could sell really effected them.
• In Iowa farmers blockaded highways and dumped milk trucks in an attempt to make milk scarce and raise its price.

The Human Cost of the Depression

• Although business leaders were promised Hoover that they would cut wages but as the depression changed so did their mindset.

Wage Cuts and Unemployment

• By 1933, wages salaries had decreased 40 percent.
• The hourly wages decreased by almost 60 percent.
• In 1930, 4 million workers were unemployed, by 1933 that number had tripled.

Hoovervilles

• Many families could not afford their house payments so they were evicted.
• People who were less fortunate slept in doorways or on park benches.

The Bonus Army

–       1,500 unemployed army veterans and their families march on Washington, D.C., to demand early payment of the bonus Congress had promised to pay them in 1945

–       President Hoover agreed with their rallies while peaceful, and even helped them, until they refused to leave and he then used force to make them leave

–       Many people blame President Hoover for the violence

Fear of Revolution

–       America blamed people who had nothing to do with the downfall of the economy, solely on them.

Radical Alternatives

–       Communists and Socialists took advantage of this downfall and tried to impose their government and mark the end of capitalism

–       The two parties, however, ruined each others reputation

Using the Forces of Democracy

–       No revolution triumphs occurred even though they were expected, and Americans seemed to be loyal democrats

The Election of 1932

–       Democratic’s thought they were going to win

The Candidates

–       Franklin D. Roosevelt was chosen for the Democratic candidate

The Campaign

–       Roosevelt’s platform consisted of the repeal of Prohibition and made general proposals for reform and recovery

–       He promised a “New Deal” in his election speech, which no one knew what that meant exactly

–       Republicans re-nominated Hoover, who had a hard time defending his policies during the Great Depression

–       Roosevelt won by a huge landslide

–       Communists and Socialists had only 2% of the populations votes, not nearly enough to overthrow capitalism

Banking Panic

–       Since the inauguration was moved from March 4 to January 20, Hoover was a lame duck

–       During this lame duck period is when the Great Depression occurred

–       The money circulation was at a halt by March 4th

17.1

Main idea: shortly after Herbert Hoover became President the stock market crashed and the nation tumbled into economic chaos

Objective:

Explain how Hoover’s philosophy affected his economic policy.

• Laissez faire
• Prohibition: President Hoover was trying to help people help themselves but he was wasting time and money in areas where there was no further development
• He helped farmers with $500 million which got them in debt and created a vicious cycle and led to the big depression.

Explain the major causes of the great depression.

• The invention of consumer credit (sell more if paid in a period of time)
• Artificial inflation of stock prices.
• General public becoming involved in stock trading
• The government’s “hands-off” policy  toward business
• Overproduction (more products made than consumed) and Under consumption (rich richer, poor poorer)
• Agricultural Slump and Surpluses (farmers were heavily indebted to banks)
• Tariffs and Taxes destroyed international markets specially in agriculture.

Key terms:

• Armory: storehouses for guns.
• Securities: stock and bonds.
• On Margin: to buy stock in this way one made a small crash down payment and borrowed the rest from stockbroker.
• Installment buying: an agreement whereby a purchaser made a down payment and paid the rest of the cost in periodic regular installments to which an interest charge was added.

a15

You all have heard of him, he is known for slamming revolving doors.  He is so famous that when you search Chuck Norris on Google, it comes up “you don’t find Chuck Norris, Chuck Norris finds you.  Recently Chuck has been arrested for smuggling contraband. The President was so ashamed of the American icon that he deported him to Mexico.  The only item he was allowed was his Bo-flex, that we all know and love.  Once he arrived in Mexico he lived in an old shack that had a splendid view of the Rio Grande River, he soon realized that it was not that bad, therefore he planted a victory garden. His victory garden became very large and his neighbors noticed, they created a covenant between Chuck and themselves so there would be no conflict between them and the beautiful plants.  Chuck soon became very popular in Mexico the people soon referred to him as “Senor Ginger”,  Chuck did not like that name therefore war was brought upon the Mexican people.  Soon after he took care of business, they created an Armistice between Chuck and the people and chuck lived happily ever after.

Chapter 11

Chapter Eleven

Section one “Agrarian unrest”

I.  The Plight of the Farmers

• wild fire, dust storms, and drought.
• The farm prices began to decrease in 1881 because of over production.
• New inventions, harvesting machines, and threshing machines helped produce crops faster.
• Over production = farmers borrow more and more money wihch put them  mercy of the banks (interest rates).
• It forced farmers to sell their crops – even at low prices.
• The southern alliance began because of these problems.

II. Railroad Abuses

• Wanted to create railroads from west to east to help the economy.
• Huge sums of money was required to build the railroads, but problems, including corruption, arose.

A. Unethical Business Practices

• railroad companies spend millions of dollars on bribing public officials.

B. Unfair pricing

• railroads created a monopoly because of lack of competition and charged high rates.

III. The Grange – a nationwide farm organization began a movement against the unfair practices of the railroad (Passing laws by state legislature).

A. From Social support to political action

• By 1874 the Grange had 1.5 million members.  Several states passed “Granger laws” that set prices for rail shipping.

B. Granger Law vs. Business interests

• Private businesses protested against the Granger Laws, calling them  unconstitutional.  (against the 14th amendment – equal protection)
• railroad companies said Granger laws were against “laissez-faire” economics.
• Government stated that railroads must be maintained regularly.

C. Supreme Court Decisions

• In 1877 – Munn v. Illinois ruling favors the Grange
• The railroads fought the laws by cutting services,  or threatening to lay no more track until the acts were revealed.
• In the late 1800’s Political activity declined because of the unsuccessful Granger laws.
• In a rebuttal  The Grange set up  plow and reaper factories, grain elevators, packing plants, and banks – but they failed.

III. Interstate Commerce Act

• In 1887 congress passed the first federal law to regulate interstate commerce.
• The ICA declared that the rates that railroads charged must be reasonable.
• The railroads were forced to publish rates.
• They also had to create and invoice of all rate changes.

Chapter 10

A Tarnish Image

Main idea: During the late 1800’s political scandals plagued many city governments as corrupt politicians sought to increase their wealth and power

I. Political Machines: graft (theft by politicians) was common at the local level.

• Graft: Thievery in office

A. Growth of Cities

• In 1840 there were 131 cities in America.
• In 1880 there were 939 cities in America.
• In addition to cities often double or tripled in some cases.
• Some cities quadrupled in a decade.
• Increase in Police/ Fire department.
• Water supplies= more wells dug.
• Low pay for city officials
• Businesses were eager for paved roads and new schools.
• An Alliance between businesses and politics that fostered corruption results.

B. Maintaining Control

• Democratic power did not work usually.
• Large portion of the population was immigrants.
• Immigrants had little or none experience with urban living.
• Immigrants and Native American Immigrants had little time to worry about abstract notions of the government.
• They worked from dawn to dusk just to keep food on the table.
• Those who were “better off” went into politics or made money in real-estate.
• Political Machine: A party-linked political organization that maintained power by, controlling votes, controlling the courts, and controlling the police.
• Local Politicians took control of the voters needs by….
• Providing grocieries to families who were needy.
• Organized free celebrations during important ethnic holidays and social events.

C. The “Tweed Ring”

• The most notorious city machine was called the “Tweed Ring”.
• The boss’s name was William M. Tweed.
• He gained control on New York’s democratic machine.
• It was known locally as Tammany Hall.
• For three years he and his underlings managed to steal millions of dollars in city funds.
• Kickback: was an arrangement  whereby contractors would pad, or increase, the amount of bills for city work and pay or “kickback” a percentage of that amount to politicians in the ring.
• 1871  the New York Times published an article showing Tweeds rampant greed for wealth.
• At the same time a man named Thomas Nast, a brilliant cartoonist, ridiculed Tweed in his cartoons for Harper’s Weekly.
• His cartoons were devastating.

II. Wide Spread Construction: was happening at the state and federal level also.  Congress and the President lacked leadership in fighting this corruption.

• Corruption was not limited to local governments.
• It occurred in many different levels.
• It was affected by a marketed  lack of leadership.
• Neither congress nor the president provided the leadership it needed.

A. In State Government

• Politics at this level were almost as corrupt as the cities.
• Pre-Civil War businessmen wrote letters inviting legislative leaders to dinner to persuade them.
• Money spent by state governments was huge, and the stakes for those seeking state contracts were high.
• Although businesses now began to employ “lobbyists”.
• Lobbyists: Were people paid to represent a company or a special interest group.
• Sometimes lobbyists tried to influence votes by offering money in the form of campaign contributions.
• If it was unclear who won the race, contributions were giving to both parties equally.
• At other times money was offered in the form of bribes.
• Jay Gould Controlled the Erie Rail Road, and spent $500,000 in bribes.

B. In Federal Government

• There was more corruption in state and local politics than in local politics.
• The worst misconduct was when Grant was president.
• Grant was a great general, but he was a poor president
• He was an honest person but was not able to distinguish an honest person form an dishonest person.
• He was overwhelmed with wealth, he reaped his money with James J. Fisk and Jay Gould.
• Member’s of Grants family, personal staff, and the cabinet peddled influenced and jobs in return for cash.

C. Credit Mobilier

• In 1872, the scandals spread to Congress as well.
• A New York newspaper revealed that officers of the Union Pacific Railroad had formed their construction company called the Credit Mobilier.
• The company distributed shares of stock “where it would do the most good”.
• Grant and his vice president and members of Congress turned out to have these thinly disguised bribes.

III. Post War Political Parties: After the war many people chose which political side they agreed with.

• Democrats and Republicans took on major issues such as the tariff and railroad regulation.

A. Issues Split Parties

• One reason that parties seemed so similar was that both reflected sectional differences so accurately.
• Townships: smaller divisions of a county broken up into local government districts, political  parties were popular, and democratic participation were popular, and democratic participation was high.
• In the midwest both parties raised an abundance of money.
• Midwest were pro-tariff, while Southern Democrats were anti-tariff.
• Both Parties in the Northeast were divided among the tariff issue.
• Although both parties received support from people in every walk of life, each had a distinctive base of support.

B. Republicans

• The republicans were supported by Western farmers and Merchants, who benefited from Republicans’ internal movements and liberal land policies, and Eastern business people, who benefited form high tariffs and national banks.
• The Republicans tended to be old-immigrant Protestants Presbyterians, Methodists, Congregationalists, or Baptists.
• Abraham Lincoln was one of the most famous Republican leaders.

C. Democrats

• Democrats were really only had Southern support.
• They realized that they could not stay a national party with only their support.
• Soon, they  got the support from immigrants, many of them whom were Catholics or liturgical Protestants, such as Lutherans or Episcopalians.
• Their religious background was quite different compared to Baptists, or Methodists who was the core of the Republican party.

Section 2 – Calls for Good Government

Main Idea: Amid calls from reformers to clean up government, a slow and steady movement from political  abuse began.

I. Civil Service Reforms

• Rutherford B. Hayes, had a common practice called patronage which assumed right of elected officials to control  political appointments to elected.

A. Hayes Begins Reforms

• Hayes forbid the practice of “shaking down” federal workers. (forced to make political contributions)
• Hays blocked appointments  of Congressional leaders.
• Hayes refused to sign legislation with “riders” (irrelevant amendment).

B. Election of 1880

• Republican James Garfild defeated Democrat Winfield Hancock in a very close election.

C. The Pendleton Act

• Farfield was assassinated
• Allowed president to decree which federal jobs would be fulfilled according to the rules by the civil service committee.

Clevelend in Office

The major theme of the election of 1884 was honesty in politics.

• Republicans  James G. Blaine  DEmocrats Grover Cleveland
• Focus was not on issues but character assassination.
• Cleveland won the election by a small margin and was the first democratic president since 1856.

Reforms Continue

• Cleveland worked to improve government efficiency and integrity.
• Established a set of line of succession to the presidency.

Different views of tariffs

• Free traders- argued that the protective tariffs was unfair government interference.
• Protagonists- defend the tariff as a means of nurturing the new industries.

Harrison elected president

• Very reserved  and did not end up being a “gilded age politician.
• Fought under Sherman in Atlantis during the civil war.

Treasury Surplus in the Tariffs

• The republicans immediately spent the treasury surplus.

Several Issues Hurt republicans

• Democrats used backfiring tariffs to attack Republicans
• Immigrants did not like the “english” only  education politics  of the Republicans.

10.3

Cultural Life

Main Idea: America’s cultural scene changed rapidly after the civil war.

Education

• In the nineteenth century, the nation reformed for higher education.

Public Education

• The nation replaced one room schools with grade school and big high schools.
• In 1890 there were more than 2,500 public high schools.

Private Colleges and Universities

• Colleges were separated in to different courses therefore (if you wanted to go to college for medicine you would not go to the same college as a person that was going for law).
• College became very wealthy and had very good resources.

State Universities

• Colleges that were donated by the state.
• University of California, Texas A & M, were the biggest state college.

Literature

• The United States writers in the South wrote about Antebellum, or pre-civil war manners, customs, and institutions.
• Writers such as MArk Twain wrote realism, a european influenced movement that strove for accurate representation.

Art and Architecture

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